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In the previous post, we learned how to test a relationship between two categorical/nominal variables. This post discusses how to test a relationship between two variables, each of which has an ordinal or higher level of measurement. The correlation coefficientRead More
Statistics can only process quantitative data? BIG MISTAKE! Statistics can process all types of data; the only difference is the method of processing. In this article, we will learn how to test for a relationship between two variables whose valuesRead More
In the previous post, we were introduced to the normality test. This time, we will see some phenomena related to this test. Download the following file: (click here) In the file there is a variable named norm200. Using SPSS, displayRead More
In the previous post, we learned that the t statistic can be used in a one-sample hypothesis test for means, and the sample must come from a normally distributed population. Therefore, we usually perform a “normality test” to check whetherRead More
In a previous post, we explained how statistical hypothesis testing was conducted. In principle, there are four major steps, namely 1) formulate H0 and H1, 2) determine the level of significance, 3) determine the appropriate test statistic and the H0Read More
The word “hypothesis” is rarely found in everyday conversation. However, we often hear the words “idea” or “(educated) guess”. An idea is not necessarily correct. To find out whether the idea is right, we conduct an investigation. The same isRead More
In statistics, the normal distribution is an example of a continuous probability distribution. With the normal distribution, many things can be concluded or predicted. Furthermore, the normal distribution also plays a role in communication science. Examples of applications in theRead More
In communication science, various scenarios can be modeled using the binomial distribution. For example, researchers might investigate whether a particular communication strategy increases the likelihood of a desired audience response, such as positive feedback, engagement, or participation. Other applications includeRead More
The Gram-Schmidt Process produces an orthogonal basis for a nonzero subspace of . It is based on the following theorem. Theorem Let be a basis for a nonzero subspace W of and: . Then is an orthogonal basis forRead More
What is so special about symmetric matrices? While not every square matrix is diagonalizable, every symmetric matrix can be diagonalized. Diagonal matrices are easier to work with and have many fascinating properties. In addition, every symmetric matrix can be representedRead More